European Microwave Week (EuMW)https://news.uci.edu/2023/11/27/uc-irvine-led-team-of-researchers-uncovers-battery-like-functions-of-mitochondria/
First-of-their-kind findings made possible by new generation of powerful microscopes
Irvine, Calif., Nov. 27, 2023 – Using new super-resolution microscopes, researchers at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Pennsylvania have for the first time observed electrical charge and discharge functions inside mitochondria isolated from cells.
A mitochondrion is a structure within a cell that uses aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate, an organic compound that provides energy to support many processes in living tissues. Medical and biomedical engineering researchers have sought greater understanding of mitochondria, recognizing their importance in human health and disease.
While many past research projects have studied the physical characteristics of these components as they exist within living cells, the UCI-led project is the first to use super-resolution microscopes to study live, extracellular mitochondria. By observing the changes in the mitochondrial membranes under different metabolic states this way, the researchers were able to witness the electrophysiological functioning of these living organelles. The team’s results were published in the journal ACS Nano.
“When we first started studying isolated mitochondria, we knew they behaved like a battery based on some work from the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology and UCLA, but we could not control them very well inside the cell to probe them,” said co-author Peter Burke, UCI professor of electrical engineering and computer science. “Now we can control each individual electrical component and cause it to charge and discharge.”
He said the work was made possible by a new generation of super-resolution microscopes. Team members used all three leading methods – Airy microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy and lattice structured illumination microscopy – in their study.
This enabled them to examine cristae, repeating serpentine structures within mitochondria that measure about 100 nanometers. The shortest wavelength of visible light is violet at about 380 nanometers, Burke said, so they needed powerful instruments – super-resolution microscopes – to probe the voltage distribution of something less than a third of that size.
“Imagine trying to study how the battery pack in a Tesla works, but you can only do it by driving the car,” he said. “You would not learn much about the battery pack inside the car.”
By taking mitochondria out of the cell and keeping them alive, Burke and his collaborators –
lead author ChiaHung Lee, UCI graduate student researcher in biomedical engineering, and Douglas Wallace of the University of Pennsylvania – were able to charge and discharge them.
“We could observe in detail how each individual part behaved as a single battery, much like how battery packs in drones and cars – which are many smaller batteries – individually combine to power the vehicle,” Burke said. “Interestingly, we found that the batteries rearrange themselves when they charge and discharge, a feature not found in regular batteries.”
He noted that his experiments proved what researchers had long thought while studying snapshots of frozen (dead) mitochondria: The internal structure changes in response to the metabolic needs of the cell. A mitochondrion can create and destroy its “batteries” (cristae) as needed. This shows that, unlike drones and Teslas, mitochondria can alter their internal shapes based on how much energy is needed by cells.
Burke said this work could have broad applications in human health, including studies on how humans age at the cellular level.
“Once we understand how they create energy, we can start to think of ways to modify this for improving human health and longevity,” he said.
The project was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Army Research Office.
The Circuit News partnered with the National Academy of Engineering featured a highlight of recent BurkeLab Guinness world record setting drone flight:
Peter Burke shows off the small drone he used to win the Guinness World Record for “the farthest distance to control a commercially available Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).”
Feb. 9, 2023 – UCI’s Peter Burke and French colleague Patrick Jeanty have earned a Guinness World Record for their demonstration of remotely flying a drone through the internet from halfway around the world. The official Guinness citation reads, “the farthest distance to control a commercially available Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) at 18,411 kilometers (11,440 miles).” For comparison, the maximum distance between two points on earth is about 12,450 miles.
With Burke, professor of electronic engineering and computer science, on campus at UCI’s Samueli School of Engineering and Jeanty, research engineer at the University of La Réunion ENERGY-Lab, located on the small French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa, they coordinated and videotaped the successful effort on Dec. 17, 2021. They were notified of the world record status on Dec 9, 2022.
It was early morning in Irvine and early evening in Réunion when Burke placed the small drone in a flying cage set up outside of engineering tower. He had constructed the lightweight (under 250 grams) UAV with off-the-shelf parts and attached a 4G cell phone data modem to the vehicle so it could connect to the internet. On Burke’s cue over Zoom, Jeanty piloted the UAV from Réunion. With a group of students cheering him on in a small conference room, Jeanty activated the drone, flew about six feet vertically for nearly a minute then landed.
“The hard part was how to get the computer on one side of the world to tell the drone on the other side of the world what to do, see, and that’s what we did,” explained Burke, a pioneer in nanoelectronics, who has been working toward this feat with his students for the past few years. He submitted the video with supporting documents to Guinness, and now he has become the first UCI engineering faculty member to hold a Guinness World Record.
“Because the drone is connected and controlled through the internet, its range is practically infinite,” said Burke.
Patrick Jeanty (left) and colleagues applaud their world record winning feat, successfully piloting an internet-connected drone in Irvine, from the French Island of Réunion, 11,440 miles away.
Patrick Jeanty (left) and colleagues applaud their world record winning feat, successfully piloting an internet-connected drone in Irvine, from the French Island of Réunion, 11,440 miles away.
Currently, all commercial drones work with a handheld remote control that connects via radio signal directly to the drone. If UAVs could be controlled over the internet with a phone or computer, it would have numerous applications including search and rescue operations; remote power line and railway safety inspections; water, forest and land surveying, among others.
With a father and brother in the Air Force, Burke has always been interested in aviation and is an avid hobbyist. First, he tried running the radio signal from the remote control to a computer and through the internet to fly the drone. That worked (see published research), so then he took it further and eliminated the handheld remote control altogether, by putting the control software directly on the internet. He tasked a senior engineering student design team with building the web-based drone control station, called Cloudstation.
Lyuyang (Steven) Hu ’20 served as team lead and designed the architecture for the web application. The students’ work was published in the IEEE Journal on Miniaturization for Air and Space Systems in March 2021. A team of graduate students working on their master’s degrees then made improvements to the app in functionality and created tutorials on how to install it.
The Cloudstation undergraduate student design team included, clockwise from top left, Lyuyang (Steven) Hu, Omkar Pathak, Mina Bedwany, Hunkyu Lee, Zeyu He and Jace Mica.
The Cloudstation undergraduate student design team included, clockwise from top left, Lyuyang (Steven) Hu, Omkar Pathak, Mina Bedwany, Hunkyu Lee, Zeyu He and Jace Mica.
“CloudStation is built to be used with open-source UAV software and hardware,” said Hu. “The user interface can be accessed through a browser so it provides a convenient way for people who are interested to buy commercially available drones and remotely control them with any mobile device. CloudStation can be adapted to control fleets of aerial, land or sea-based vehicles to collect weather and geographical data or perform search and rescue missions.”
Jeanty, who had met Burke at an IEEE radio and antenna conference in 2019 on Réunion Island, was thrilled to participate in the project. He recruited his colleagues from the local STEM outreach association, called Les Petits Débrouillards de La Réunion. “We followed the procedure that Peter and his students had implemented on their website to control the drone, and when the time came, we pressed the take-off button,” said Jeanty. “It worked! I remember very well seeing Peter get excited and give a thumbs up when the drone was up in the air, controlled by us on the other side of the earth. Then we put the drone back on the ground and everyone applauded. I think it took us a few seconds to really understand what had happened.”
Next, Burke and his current students are working on integrating enhanced remote identification with the internet-based technology to improve safety and collision avoidance, especially important when the drone is out of sight or on the opposite side of the world. The FAA requires that most drones have the ability in flight to provide identification and location information to other parties.
“If we could have drones identify their positions and talk to each other, that would allow us to be able to safely share airspace with other drones and manned aircraft even from very far distances,” said Burke. His work is part of a growing expertise on autonomous vehicles at UCI.
Other contributors to the project include the following students who have all since graduated. In addition to Hu, the undergraduate senior design team members were Omkar Pathak, Zeyu He, Hunkyu Lee, Mina Bedwany and Jace Mica. Master’s thesis team members were Chi Zhang, Lindsey Selena Garcia, Hyun Jay Yang.
– Lori Brandt
March 31, 2022 – Professor Peter J. Burke in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science is receiving a new grant from National Science Foundation Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems to develop an engineered electronic nose that can “smell” chemicals and determine what kind of chemicals they are……Read more.
July 1, 2020 – Several years ago, UC Irvine electrical engineering professor Peter Burke helped develop a broadband calibration technique that could successfully measure, with nanoscale resolution, the properties of nanowires, nanotube quantum dots and other nanoelectronic components on top of and inside of semiconductor wafers. The technique has been adopted in industry and commercialized by numerous companies. ……Read more.
Professor Peter Burke featured in Interfaces’ “Faces of CalIT2” Fall 2019 edition.
Aug 28, 2019 – In a follow-up to a study published last year in ACS Nano, electrical engineering and computer science professor Peter Burke and his former doctoral student Jinfeng Li added important detail to the question of how nanowires hold an electrical charge……Read more.
